1) Raspberry pi, nothing else, nothing more
2) Any android charger would works if it provides 700ma. 1000ma recommended if you want to use ethernet + the 2 usb at the same time. That ethernet sucks quite a lot of power! An SD of 2Gb minimun for storing the system. Or a small SD + USB stick to boot from. I would only recommend this if you need some fast IO operations as the USB is faster than the SD but the downside is that you just have one USB port always used.
3) Yes
4) Yes. You can find model A(256Mb) for around 15$ in a few shops
5) Nope.
6) US? or UK?
US:
http://www.alliedelec.com/lp/120626raso/
UK:
http://www.element14.com/community/groups/raspberry-pi
http://uk.rs-online.com/web/generalDisplay.html?id=raspberrypi
7) Like Debian but for ARM. Thousands of packages, good old apt-get.
Now some recommendations.
Get a case. You can use the box the pi comes with to store it inside making some cuts on it, depending on what you do and the room temp it can get pretty hot inside so watch out for it. If not, a simlpe clear case works. Or my favourite, the RAINBOW PIBOW! So good.
Pictured: Box the raspberry pi comes on (can vary between retailers, this is from RS-Online) and the magnificent RAIBOW PIBOW! (warning, the case is a bit expensive)
Pictured: Clear case (around 3 bucks) and Raibow Pibow case (20 bucks)
For the software. I use
Berryboot. Why only have one system on your Pi if the SD card can hold several of them? This way you can have raspbian, raspxbmc/openelec and a few more (Berrywebserver for example, which is a minimal web server)
What else what else....Oh yes, if you are into electronics, buy a shitton of them. Best place is
Adafruit Industries. From a simple wifi dongle guaranteed to work with the Pi, to LCD screens, GPS, reat time clocks, expansion ports, etc...Awesome site, I got several pieces from them and their tutorials are great.
Can't think of anything else. Enjoy your Pi