Former Sony Exec Shuhei Yoshida Says It's About Time For PlayStation to Reconsider Its Focus on Cutting-Edge Graphics

Hardly a first party title and Kojima has his own team of very talented programmers and engineers who overhauled Decima for DS1 and made some big upgrades the Directors Cut like the water tessellation system.
Sony owns Decima and guerrilla/kojipro are writing code on it.
You can leverage next-gen rendering systems without tanking the performance, look at Assassins's Creed Shadows which uses RTGI, and Mesh Shaders to render the triangles and runs at an acceptable resolution, granted it's 30 FPS but this is a console not a PC. The same can be said for games like Avatar.
Both are using iterations of previous engines. Just like Sony with a bunch of the first party studios. si, nothing especial or unique with Ubisoft.

and as far as i know, insomniac has the better raytracing implementation in gaming right now. in terms of quality and performance cost.

I don't know where you are getting this idea that you have to chase either visuals or gameplay
im not saying that.
, if you know how next-gen rendering systems work then you'd know that a feature like RTGI will save on developer time and resources as they don't have to bake in all the lighting into the environment, this is especially the case when you have different times of day or seasons.
what i am saying is this:

if bleeding edge/cutting edge graphics/tech like you point out (ninite or Unreal's Ray tracing implementation) results on a blurry image



using such tech hurts visuals. so, chasing cutting edge graphics goes beyond buzz words, what matter is the final output.



Then there's Mesh and Primitive Shaders, when used correctly you can create a system similar to Nanite and developers don't have to waste time authoring LOD's or worry about polygon counts.
well yeah, companies with a large budget for research and development and propriety engines (like Sony) will implement technology to achieve "next gen" things

It's already impressive from what we've seen, but it won't be the best looking game of the year let alone the generation, GTA 6 looks very promising.
yeah, and that's the point. GTAV will be 11 years old when GTA VI relases
I have little interest in replying to your other stuff as it seems like pointless conjecture.
🤷🏼‍♂️
 

Javi97

Member
Doesn't matter much when:

- RT on base PS5 sucks
- Most of the playstation users pick performance mode


Sony should focus on bringing more stable 60 fps mode, not in 'graphic fidelity' as Yoshida mention.
What Sony game doesn't have a 60 fps mode? What Sony game has Raytracing other than GT7, Spiderman and Rachet and Clank? Sony has focused on all their games having a 60fps mode with decent resolutions and that's why they haven't produced anything like Hellblade 2
 

simpatico

Member
BS. Sony needs it and it's one of the last things they truly do well. There would be even less of a reason for Playstations (as physical objects) to exist anymore.
 

yogaflame

Gold Member
Depends on country. USA and Europe is more into graphics while Asia especially Japan are not much into graphics. Sony Japan must focus back on exclusive JRPG even just low budget like for example with simple cell shaded or just like the graphics of Metaphor (Revive og PS rpg like Wild arms, Alundra, Legend of Dragoon and Legend of Legaia, Dark cloud) to attract more Japanese to buy Ps5 along with the most important one which is price cut.

In the West, Ps5 is still successful and so many loyal and patient fans, but fans are still looking for more exclusives, and they are looking for more JRPG exclusives and platformers for kids like Astrobot, that is why I hope for revival of OG PS games like Tomba, Sly, Jak and Daxter, Ape escape, Parapa the rapper for Ps5.

For me, I'm not hung up with ray tracing, RT has become a game development problem this days. As long as the game has excellent physics, stable frame rate preferably 60fps, and 4k resolution, I'm okay with that.
 
Last edited:

nial

Member
Depends on country. USA and Europe is more into graphics while Asia especially Japan are not much into graphics. Sony Japan must focus back on JRPG even just simple cell shaded or just the graphics of Metaphor (Revive og PS rpg like Wild arms, Alundra, Legend of Dragoon and Legend of Legaia, Dark cloud) to attract more Japanese to buy Ps5 along with the most important one which is price cut. In the west , Ps5 is still successful but fans are still looking for more exclusives, and they are looking for more JRPG exclusives and platformers for kids like Astrobot, that is why I hope for revival of Tomba, sly, Jak and daxter, ape escape, parapa the rapper for Ps5.

For me, I'm not hung up with ray tracing, RT has become a game development problem this days. As long as the game has excellent physics, stable frame rate preferably 60fps, and 4k resolution, I'm okay with that.
Tomba is not Sony.
The Legend of Dragoon is not a good example, though. Precisely the opposite of what you're alluding to.
 

yogaflame

Gold Member
Tomba is not Sony.
The Legend of Dragoon is not a good example, though. Precisely the opposite of what you're alluding to.
Tomba was published and funded by Sony in the past, they can still get an exclusivity rights. I believe Legend of Dragoon is not a big budget game that has so much flashy graphics.
 

nial

Member
Tomba was published and funded by Sony in the past, they can still get an exclusivity rights.
It was neither published nor funded by Sony, but by Whoopee Camp itself.
lJavylC.png

uBvrQ2T.jpeg
4ilKOHN.jpeg

I believe Legend of Dragoon is not a big budget game that has so much flashy graphics.
It was Sony's most expensive game that generation. A modern sequel would need to meet the high standards of AAA production of today.
 

Azelover

Titanic was called the Ship of Dreams, and it was. It really was.
Sony has been fleeing upmarket for a long time. They can't keep doing it for much longer. They will face severe problems if they don’t make some changes. It may take a while but the crisis will come. Value innovation has to be pursued.
 

yogaflame

Gold Member
It was neither published nor funded by Sony, but by Whoopee Camp itself.
lJavylC.png

uBvrQ2T.jpeg
4ilKOHN.jpeg


It was Sony's most expensive game that generation. A modern sequel would need to meet the high standards of AAA production of today.
Tomba development team disbanded. I hope Sony can buy this franchise since ti has a cult following and it is a fun game especially for kids.
About Legend of Dragoon, if it will be made in this generation, it does not need a big budget. It can just be a AA. It will still be impressive even if it will just have those Tales or Metaphor visuals or cell shaded just like the other JRPG right now. No need for Raytracing stuff.
 
Sony owns Decima and guerrilla/kojipro are writing code on it.

They're not simply "writing code on it", it's meaningful upgrades being made by a 3rd party developer for a first party engine.

Both are using iterations of previous engines. Just like Sony with a bunch of the first party studios. si, nothing especial or unique with Ubisoft.

Previous iterations of their engine yes but with major overhauls to take advantage of the two biggest next-gen features, one is ray-traced global illumination, and the second a micro-polygon rendering system, features which no Sony first party title has implemented till today.

and as far as i know, insomniac has the better raytracing implementation in gaming right now. in terms of quality and performance cost.

Their only meaningful contribution to ray-tracing implementations has been in RT reflections, which is moderately cheaper in terms of computation cost compared to RTGI, it takes more talent and skill to pull off the later as you're tracing against much more triangles and then adding in denoising passes to clean up the rays (or lack thereof).

Secondly Insomniac benefit heavily from developing primarily on a closed and single piece of hardware, that being the PS5 and that means they can tune the system out much better thanks to in part the lower level API's.

Their contributions to ray-tracing don't hold much of a candle to say a studio like Ubisoft implementing a demanding RTGI solution, and micro-polygon rendering across various platforms including PC and Xbox.

im not saying that.
Why do you want nanite or RT (unreal implementation) if you are limited to 30FPS or 720P or lack of gameplay due to allocating resources just to render geometry, and/or calculate rays for example.

What else do you mean by lack of gameplay? please elaborate, are you trying to say that developers have to sacrifice gameplay mechanics in favor of visual fidelity? if so where is the proof that this is happening? AC Shadows has many faults but I don't think anyone would ever say they compromised on gameplay mechanics in favor of chasing visual fidelity because it just isn't the case.

what i am saying is this:

if bleeding edge/cutting edge graphics/tech like you point out (ninite or Unreal's Ray tracing implementation) results on a blurry image

Nanite is an exception as it's going above and beyond compared to other similar solutions, hence why Ubisofts solution doesn't come close to it, but yes AC Shadows has a perfectly acceptable image quality whilst maintaining these next-gen features and whilst also targeting a plethora more platforms than any Sony first party title ever has. I sound like a Ubisoft fanboy I know, but they're a good example for the argument I'm trying to make.

using such tech hurts visuals. so, chasing cutting edge graphics goes beyond buzz words, what matter is the final output.

Yes but chasing image quality which is what you are now arguing Sony is doing is good and admirable sure, but it's not the same as chasing "cutting edge graphics", which is what Shuhei is claiming Sony is doing.

well yeah, companies with a large budget for research and development and propriety engines (like Sony) will implement technology to achieve "next gen" things

Except that they haven't done this lol which is what I'm trying to tell you.

What's even more funny is that, it would have been the easiest for Sony first parties to implement and push these features thanks to the developer friendly environment of the PS5 and it's graphics library.

yeah, and that's the point. GTAV will be 11 years old when GTA VI relases

Yes but the technologies and hardware available to Rockstar's developers to run their game on was made available to them pretty much the same time as it was for every other studio, which was 2018 and 19 so their visual results were unlikely the product of 11 years of development, more like 6 or 7 the same as every other Sony studio. We don't even know the scope, timeline of production phases for Rockstar's games either so that's bit of a gray area I admit.

Granted Rockstar are big, but then again so are Sony's first part studios and the ICE team still exists in some form, which means there still should be a collaborative effort between all their studios in producing "bleeding edge visuals", earlier than most other studios but it just hasn't been the case.
 
Last edited:

SABRE220

Member
Sony has hardly pushed the envelope visually this generation. Infact the first party studios once lauded for pushing tech and leading visuals have fallen behind alot of third party studios this gen and funnily enough microsoft beat them this gen on visuals so far. Death stranding looks impressive no doubt but outside that title the devs from Sony played it pathetically safe, barely overhauling their engines over the last gen, keeping same tech and pipeline with minor improvements and just added a 60fps mode.

There is nothing wrong with leading in visuals and polish and this has delivered immense success and has been part of their DNA. All that is needed is balance. They can push out innovative aa titles alongside blockbusters. Basically telling their developers to play it safe and stop raising the bar is not a great idea.
 
Last edited:

CGNoire

Member
Well then, don't release a new console ever again.

10 TF is plenty enough to do any type of gameplay design you want. There's no reason to release a new console if you're not gonna add anything with it. PS5 forever then. Im not paying out a ransom to upgrade for nothing.
 
Last edited:

ZehDon

Gold Member
Well, games like GOW: Ragnarök, TLOUP1, and Spider-Man 2 were already called on using "last gen" visuals, despite actually having some OK upgrades. As long as Sony intends to keep charging a premium for anything with its logo on it, they really do need to deliver top tier production values or it won't take long before folks are wondering what they're paying for.
 

sendit

Member
Same guy who pushed for PS VR 2 being wired and without pancake lens. It was outdated from the start.
 

ReBurn

Gold Member
I wish they would do more action and gameplay focused games like Astro Bot to fill in the spots between the narrative focused games. I'd like more arcadey fun without all the narrative.
 

MacReady13

Member
He is 100% right. And this seems to be an industry wide issue. Spending over 300 million dollars on games for a focus on graphics instead of making the main focus on gameplay is a disgrace. The need to spend more on powerful consoles (PS5 Pro) and beefier GPU's is a disgrace.
 

CLW

Member
They need a MIX some studios taking 10+ years to put out anything like ND the remaster kings while others go back to a more PS3 era timeline with smaller 10-15 hour campaigns with less graphical fidelity
 
They're not simply "writing code on it", it's meaningful upgrades being made by a 3rd party developer for a first party engine.
¿?

Both (Guerrilla and Kojima Pro) are writing code in the same engine, both are working in tandem to make meaningful upgrades to the engine.


Previous iterations of their engine yes but with major overhauls to take advantage of the two biggest next-gen features, one is ray-traced global illumination, and the second a micro-polygon rendering system, features which no Sony first party title has implemented till today.
Because games are taking longer to make.


Their only meaningful contribution to ray-tracing implementations has been in RT reflections, which is moderately cheaper in terms of computation cost compared to RTGI, it takes more talent and skill to pull off the later as you're tracing against much more triangles and then adding in denoising passes to clean up the rays (or lack thereof).

Secondly Insomniac benefit heavily from developing primarily on a closed and single piece of hardware, that being the PS5 and that means they can tune the system out much better thanks to in part the lower level API's.

Their contributions to ray-tracing don't hold much of a candle to say a studio like Ubisoft implementing a demanding RTGI solution, and micro-polygon rendering across various platforms including PC and Xbox

Nanite is an exception as it's going above and beyond compared to other similar solutions, hence why Ubisofts solution doesn't come close to it, but yes AC Shadows has a perfectly acceptable image quality whilst maintaining these next-gen features and whilst also targeting a plethora more platforms than any Sony first party title ever has. I sound like a Ubisoft fanboy I know, but they're a good example for the argument I'm trying to make.
Yes but chasing image quality which is what you are now arguing Sony is doing is good and admirable sure, but it's not the same as chasing "cutting edge graphics", which is what Shuhei is claiming Sony is doing.
Except that they haven't done this lol which is what I'm trying to tell you.
What's even more funny is that, it would have been the easiest for Sony first parties to implement and push these features thanks to the developer friendly environment of the PS5 and it's graphics library.
Yes but the technologies and hardware available to Rockstar's developers to run their game on was made available to them pretty much the same time as it was for every other studio, which was 2018 and 19 so their visual results were unlikely the product of 11 years of development, more like 6 or 7 the same as every other Sony studio. We don't even know the scope, timeline of production phases for Rockstar's games either so that's bit of a gray area I admit.

Granted Rockstar are big, but then again so are Sony's first part studios and the ICE team still exists in some form, which means there still should be a collaborative effort between all their studios in producing "bleeding edge visuals", earlier than most other studios but it just hasn't been the case.

There is a massive disconnect between what you are trying to say and what I'm trying to say.

Your OG comment:
They haven't been focusing on cutting edge graphics since the start of the PS5 generation,
Why do you think this is the case?
1. Games are taking longer to make
2. Their GaaS initiative fucked their piple line.

a majority of the Playstation first party titles are using the same engines just with higher settings, and then bolting on one or two ray-tracing features (if we're lucky).
And how many of these games have been Next-Gen Only games?

Usually, a console generation means 3–4 games per studio. Nowadays, it will basically mean only one.

Something like GoW Ragnarok is functioning as the first iteration of their tech on new hardware, but it was a cross-gen title. so this is : "a majority of the Playstation first party titles are using the same engines just with higher settings, and then bolting on one or two ray-tracing features (if we're lucky)" is true. right?

Their next game should be a Next-Gen-only title and should implement things like you are saying and then their next one will be cross-gen with PS6.

in other words:
The games that are going to implement "cutting edge graphics" are still coming.


Now, you mention Ubisoft with Avatar and Shadows as examples of cutting-edge graphics… I think you're aware of the situation Ubisoft is in, right? And I think you're also aware of how many people work on Ubisoft's games across the planet (Ubisoft devs). You also said that because sony has the ICE team, it should enable them to produce "bleeding edge visuals", earlier than most other studios...Yeah, but Shadows and Avatar are forgettable games. run-of-the-mill gaming experiences. No one will point out those games as the pinnacle of what this mediums has to offer. they are just....content.

Remember what I just said and then be aware of how people will talk about Death Stranding 2. Having games that feel unique, original or are passion-driven (team/director vision rather than a corporate mandate to make sequels) will take longer to make.

now this:

What else do you mean by lack of gameplay? please elaborate, are you trying to say that we have to sacrifice gameplay mechanics in favor of visual fidelity? if so where is the proof that this is happening? AC Shadows has many faults but I don't anyone would ever say they compromised on gameplay mechanics in favor of chasing visual fidelity because it just isn't the case.
I was thinking of Hellbalde 2.

I think the takeaway is very simple: UE5 has impressive tech that enables smaller studios to achieve great "cutting-edge" visuals, but if you think that a smaller studio and a "heavy" engine will make a PlayStaion powerhouse studio look like a second-rate one, you are out of your mind.




This is a perfect example of how FM, despite being theoretically a more visually cutting-edge game, isn’t dramatically superior and in some places falls short to a cross-gen one. And again, when the next Gran Turismo comes out, it will be a true next-gen only game and visually cutting-edge one too.
 

Moonjt9

No Silksong? = Delivering the pain.
Nah good graphics and good gameplay are not mutually exclusive.

The fact is that Sony first party games are stale af. Their designers, not art teams, need a shakeup and some real innovation, because playing the next spiderman/open world action adventure with rpg lite elements and map points of interests isn’t going to cut it. At least not for me.
 

Ebrietas

Member
People aren't going to like to hear this, but the graphical quality of games is already more than good enough. The art design a developer chooses impacts how "good" something looks far more than the sheer level of detail.

I'm playing Destiny 2 right now and the game is never anything but gorgeous to look at. Yet nobody would ever pick it for best graphics of the year or whatever. And this is a game from 2017 made for last gen consoles. There are several games I could say that about. Even BotW on Switch looks better to me than so many others.

Even if you want to take the cynical approach and just look at what sells, the best selling games consistently do not have cutting edge graphics. So what is the incentive to keep pushing "cutting edge" graphics? They don't make a game look substantially better, they don't make it sell better, and all they really do is significantly increase development time and budgets.
 

Enlightenedfool

Neo Member
Frankly, they should have a couple of teams focus on 2 to 3 big games with cutting edge graphics and have other teams work on more interesting/experimental stuff. But that's just me.
 

ArtHands

Thinks buying more servers can fix a bad patch
Schedule 1 got 400k+ CCUs looking like this.

Schedule.jpeg


Shu is right and you don’t need 400M budget games to be successful. I do think it’s smart licensing out their old AA IPs that they’re not gonna use themselves.

Playstation console fans don’t really give this kind of games a chance, because Playstations doesn’t really promote such games. Playstation and its fans mostly only care about visuals. Those players are on other platforms like Switch or Steam. Which is why you almost never heard of any organic successes like Lethal Company or Phasmophobia on Playstation.

Every year, there are new games that make you think, "There's never been anything like this before." A lot of them.
A fun game that came out last year was a Korean game called "Unsolved Cases Must Be Completed." It was made by a single creator called Somi. It's an adventure game that can be completed in 3 hours, but it's really fun.
These are things that could be done with hardware from 10 years ago, but these game design ideas didn't exist in the past. These kinds of things are still coming out more and more. Personally, I really like the fact that ideas never run out about indie games.

It is a really neat short game, but doesn’t suit the appetite of Playstation fans. Look at how many Playstation fans getting disappointed over the games shown at the Nintendo Direct.
 

Punished Miku

Human Rights Subscription Service
It is a really neat short game, but doesn’t suit the appetite of Playstation fans. Look at how many Playstation fans getting disappointed over the games shown at the Nintendo Direct.
Or most Gamepass games.
 
Last edited:

ArtHands

Thinks buying more servers can fix a bad patch
This is the game which Shu namedropped. The type of games Playstation console fans will laugh and never give a chance, because it's all graphics for them. It’s only on platforms like Steam where the game will receive overwhelmingly positive reviews. Where gamers play games because they are fun and not because what their 1st party overlord tells them to.

IMG-8608.jpg
 
Last edited:

Kerotan

Member
The counter argument being astrobot doesn't really cut it because it's probably the best looking performer out there. Graphical powerhouse.
 
I think there's room for balance where you have certain teams pushing the technical boundry and others focusing more on innovating gameplay concepts.

The kind of creative thinking with Death Stranding is what I'd like to see more of in this industry. Recently fell in love with this game and want to know just what kind of bath salts Kojima was on when he drafted it but it is brilliant and I'm really enjoying it.
 
Last edited:

EverydayBeast

ChatGPT 0.001
Sony had lots of non graphical moments like the eye toy (pure joy, exciting etc.) ps home (big, ambitious), and than there’s ps move, psvr.
 

Crunchbox

Neo Member
There's nothing wrong with their 5 year AAA bleeding edge graphics games. What they need is to invest in some studios that can make 2-3 year AA games to bridge the gap.
Yep we can have both just like movies have their lord of the rings, avatars, etc every 5-7 years etc
 
Yes Yoshida, keep downgrading this industry until we don’t have nothing left but a bunch of dumb mobile games.. there’s nothing wrong on keep pushing cutting edge graphics as long they keep pushing also for good gameplay and good storytelling.. the two are not mutually exclusive.. sick of this stupid takes from former executives just pushing for mediocrity trying to justify their incompetence in maintaining this industry healthy on the last decade..
 

Killjoy-NL

Gold Member
He's right but good luck. They've created a monster in their own userbase and their expectations.
Every fanbase is like that:
The most graphically impressive thing Obsidian has ever done by a mile. As a few of us have been saying for months.

  • Its not even close to Hellblade 2 visually. However, HB is small areas and pretty limited at times. This is likely a more open action game. But at no point do the faces look like real life like they do in HB.

Nobody gives a shit if it runs better on pro. It won best graphics of 2024 even over Hellblade 2 at Digital Foundry because of PC and the scalability of the engine. Its really nothing new. Every Xbox game is also on PC.

Graphics are just the easiest selling point.

If flagship titles do not have good graphics, they'll get trashed for not delivering. This goes for all platforms and is done by all fanbases.

But Yoshida has a point, graphics are already at a good point, imo. It'll be more important to work on NPC AI and dynamic interactive worlds. Make everything come alive.
 

ioo

Neo Member
There's nothing wrong with their 5 year AAA bleeding edge graphics games. What they need is to invest in some studios that can make 2-3 year AA games to bridge the gap.
Unfortunately cause of these triple A games they need more money and so they cab’t afford to make too many AA or indie. They closed studios for this reason, so yeah, there is a problem with their triple A system
 

Killjoy-NL

Gold Member
Unfortunately cause of these triple A games they need more money and so they cab’t afford to make too many AA or indie. They closed studios for this reason, so yeah, there is a problem with their triple A system
And AA and indie tend to not sell enough because people in general expect better looking graphics, hence why those studios got closed.

It's a basic principle.
 
Last edited:
if they can focus on art style rather than real life graphics like they did with ghost of tshushima that will do wonders for them .
 

ioo

Neo Member
And AA and indie tend to not sell enough because people in general expect better looking graphics, hence why those studios got closed.

It's a basic principle.
Yeah and that happened cause playstation users are used to. To change the system they need to start doing more marketing for double AA like astrobot (that didn’t sell bad). I completely understand your point if view and agree but nothing s gonna change if the multi billionarie company dorsn’t want to do it first
 

Killjoy-NL

Gold Member
Yeah and that happened cause playstation users are used to. To change the system they need to start doing more marketing for double AA like astrobot (that didn’t sell bad).
Sure, Astro didn't sell bad. The problem is that it isn't enough. Sony has a lot of games that sold similarly, but it isn't enough to sustain the company.

In fact, those AAA flagship titles are one of the major reasons people flock to Playstation.
I completely understand your point if view and agree but nothing s gonna change if the multi billionarie company dorsn’t want to do it first
True, you're not wrong. But I don't think anything will change.

Just look at MH:Wilds, one of the main reasons there was discourse at launch was because the graphics were very underwhelming.

On the other hand, one of the main selling points for Indiana Jones and AC Shadows are the graphics.

There is too much risk involved to move away from AAA, especially for Sony as it's one of their biggest strengths.

That's why Sony wants to expand their library with their gaas-strategy, because they have to increase revenue somewhere to even be able to add more AA alongside their AAA.

But people are complaining about that as well.
 
Less focus on graphics and more focus on processing powers, A.I, and other optimization stuff. I'll want PS6's improvement to focus more on those while graphical improvement can be on a lower percent.
 

OuterLimits

Member
BS. Sony needs it and it's one of the last things they truly do well. There would be even less of a reason for Playstations (as physical objects) to exist anymore.

Sony doesn't really need it. Many buy the console for 3rd party stuff. Plus they are about to be the only traditional console on the market. They aren't like Nintendo that relies on first party to sell their hardware. However, I expect Sony will continue the big budget games regardless.
 

Killjoy-NL

Gold Member
You might have had 10 replies already, but I'd imagine an answer is: perspective. Looking from the outside in allows you to see things differently.
Sony and Yoshida have been saying it for years, but people are only now paying attention because it fits a certain narrative.

It's why, for years, they have been saying they need to make changes as AAA dev time and cost are rising.

Besides, people largely ignore this part of the article:
"Whether that's a focus on relatively smaller experiences like Astro Bot, or a complete pivot to lo-fi or stylized graphics, it's not suggested."

Anyway, this discussion is a dead horse.
 
Last edited:
Playstation console fans don’t really give this kind of games a chance, because Playstations doesn’t really promote such games. Playstation and its fans mostly only care about visuals. Those players are on other platforms like Switch or Steam. Which is why you almost never heard of any organic successes like Lethal Company or Phasmophobia on Playstation.
Rocket league, Fortnite and fall guys, for example, all initially gained traction on ps4. All massive success on ps4 that eventually bleeded over to all the other platforms.
 
Top Bottom